第 174 课：从出生到死亡的生命历程

Lesson 174: Life from Birth to Death

Pregnancy 怀孕

A woman becomes pregnant, through having sex with a man or using IVF (=In-Vitro Fertilisation). 女性通过与男性发生性关系或使用体外受精（IVF）怀孕。

We say "she's pregnant". 我们说“她怀孕了”。She's "having a baby". 她“要生孩子了”。We call it "a pregnancy". 我们称之为“怀孕”。

A woman who has tried unsuccessfully for years to become pregnant can try to use a "surrogate", a woman who will have the baby for her. 多年尝试怀孕未果的女性可以尝试找“代孕母亲”，由一位女性为她生下孩子。

Antenatal 产前

A pregnant woman goes to an antenatal clinic for check ups. 一位孕妇去产前诊所进行检查。

Antenatal (also called "prenatal") means "before birth". 产前（也称“产前”）是指“出生前”。

Her partner (if there is one) might attend the clinic as well. 她的伴侣（如果有的话）也可能会去诊所。

Sole Parent 独生子女

A woman may decide to have a baby without the help of a man. 女性可能会在没有男性帮助的情况下决定生育孩子。

She becomes pregnant using sperm from an unknown donor. 她使用来自不知名捐精者的精子怀孕了。

She may also use a surrogate. 她也可能选择代孕。

Another reason for becoming a sole parent is if a woman's partner leaves her, and the family's children stay with her. 成为单亲母亲的另一个原因是，如果女性的伴侣离开她，而家里的孩子则和她一起生活。

Labour 分娩

After a pregnancy of 9 months (approximately), a woman starts to have her baby. 经过大约 9 个月的怀孕，女性开始分娩。This is called "going into labour". 这叫做“进入产程”。

This can take many hours for a woman's first pregnancy. 对于初次怀孕的女性来说，这可能需要几个小时。

Her vagina has to stretch to allow the baby's head to move through it. 她的阴道必须扩张，才能让婴儿的头部通过。

Specialist health workers called "midwives" are usually on hand to help. 通常会有被称为“助产士”的专业医护人员在场提供帮助。

Giving Birth 分娩

When the baby is born, the woman has "given birth" and is now called a "mother". 婴儿出生后，这位女性就“分娩”了，现在被称为“母亲”。

She has "had a baby". 她“生了个孩子”。

The baby is called a "newborn". 这个婴儿被称为“新生儿”。

Birth Certificate and Health Test 出生证明和健康检查

All babies are registered at birth, and their parents receive a birth certificate showing their date and place of birth. 所有婴儿出生时都会进行登记，他们的父母会收到一份出生证明，上面会显示婴儿的出生日期和地点。

As soon as possible after birth, the baby is given a series of tests known as APGAR to see if they need emergency care. 婴儿出生后会尽快接受一系列称为 APGAR 评分的测试，以确定是否需要紧急护理。

Breastfeeding 哺乳

Newborns cannot eat solid food. 新生儿不能吃固体食物。

They drink milk. 他们喝牛奶。

The best milk comes from the mother's breasts, called "breastmilk". 最好的奶来自母亲的乳房，称为“母乳”。

It contains many chemicals that protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to the development of a child’s immune system. 它含有多种化学物质，可以预防感染和炎症，并有助于儿童免疫系统的发育。

If breastfeeding is difficult or painful, the mother can use a "breast pump" to take milk from her breasts, put it into a bottle and feed the baby from that. 如果母乳喂养困难或疼痛，母亲可以使用“吸奶器”将乳汁从乳房中吸出，装入奶瓶中喂给婴儿。

If the mother cannot produce enough milk, a substitute called "formula" can be used. 如果母亲无法产生足够的母乳，可以使用一种叫做“配方奶”的替代品。

It is a powder, mixed with boiled water which has cooled. 它是粉末状的，与冷却后的开水混合而成。

Nappies (US: diapers) 尿布（美国：尿布）

Babies have no control over their urination or defecation, to they wear nappies to soak up their waste. 婴儿无法控制排尿或排便，所以需要穿尿布来吸收排泄物。

Nappies made of cotton can be washed and used many times. 棉质尿布可以多次洗涤和使用。

Paper nappies are thrown into household rubbish after a single use. 纸尿裤用过一次后就被扔进了生活垃圾桶。

Christening and other rituals 洗礼及其他仪式

In the Christian religion, some babies are baptised or christened by their parents. 在基督教中，有些婴儿由父母施以洗礼或命名仪式。

The ceremony is called a christening or a baptism. 这个仪式被称为洗礼或受洗。

The baby is wholly or partly immersed in water by a priest. 婴儿由一名牧师全身或部分浸入水中。

Other religions have similar rituals. 其他宗教也有类似的仪式。

In Judaism, ritual immersion is practiced in the form of mikvah, which gives spiritual purification. 在犹太教中，仪式性的浸礼以米克瓦（mikvah）的形式进行，可以带来精神上的净化。

In Islam, ghusl is a ritual bath performed to cleanse the body and soul. 在伊斯兰教中，大净（ghusl）是一种为洁净身心而进行的仪式性沐浴。

In Hinduism, bathing in sacred rivers serves a similar purpose. 在印度教中，在圣河中沐浴也具有类似的意义。

Adoption and Surrogacy 收养和代孕

If someone can't have children they may adopt a child who is in need of a family. 如果一个人无法生育，他们可以选择收养一个需要家庭的孩子。

Or they may use a surrogate to become pregnant using the couple's egg and sperm, and have a baby for them. 或者他们可能会通过代孕，利用这对夫妇的卵子和精子怀孕，并为他们生下一个孩子。

Or they may use eggs or sperm from a donor. 或者他们可能会使用捐赠者的卵子或精子。

GROWING UP and SCHOOLING 成长与求学

Between 1 to 12 months old you are a baby, an infant, or a girl / boy. 1 到 12 个月大的婴儿，是宝宝、幼儿，或者女孩/男孩。

Between the ages of 1 to 3 years, when you start to walk, you are a toddler, or a girl / boy. 1 到 3 岁之间，当你开始走路的时候，你就是一个蹒跚学步的孩子，或者是一个女孩/男孩。

Between the ages of 3 to 5 years you are a preschooler, a child, a kid, or a girl / boy. 3至5岁，你是学龄前儿童、儿童、孩子，或者女孩/男孩。

Between the ages of 5 to 10 years you are a child, a kid, a schoolchild / schoolgirl / schoolboy, or a girl / boy. 5 到 10 岁之间，你是孩子、孩子、小学生/女学生/男学生，或者女孩/男孩。

Between the ages of 11 to 12 years you are a preteen, a schoolchild / schoolgirl / schoolboy, a child, or a girl / boy. 11 至 12 岁是青少年、小学生/女学生/男学生、儿童或女孩/男孩。

Between the ages of 13 to 18 years you are a teenager/teen. 13岁到18岁之间是青少年。

From the age of 18 (in Australia) you are legally an adult, or a man / woman, or perhaps a "non-binary" person, who feels that they are not like either a female or a male. 在澳大利亚，从 18 岁起，你就依法成为成年人，或者是一名男性/女性，或者可能是一名“非二元性别者”，他们觉得自己既不像女性也不像男性。

18 is the age at which you can get married without having to ask your parents for permission (called parental consent). 18 岁是无需征得父母同意（即父母同意）即可结婚的年龄。

ADULTHOOD and FURTHER EDUCATION 成年与继续教育

When you are an adult you might go to a University or TAFE (= a Technical College, teaching trades such as plumbing and carpentry). 成年后，你可以去上大学或TAFE（=技术学院，教授水暖工和木工等职业技能）。

You "graduate" from this "further education" with a "degree" or a "diploma". 你从这项“继续教育”中“毕业”，获得“学位”或“文凭”。

Then you become a "postgraduate". 然后你就成为一名“研究生”了。

Postgraduates may do extra study to obtain "post-graduate qualifications" such as a "Masters Degree" or "doctorate" from a University, or an "advanced diploma" or "Graduate Diploma" from a TAFE. 研究生可以继续深造，以获得“研究生学历”，例如大学颁发的“硕士学位”或“博士学位”，或者TAFE颁发的“高级文凭”或“研究生文凭”。

EMPLOYMENT 就业

Most adults look for and obtain a job, also called "employment". 大多数成年人都会寻找并获得一份工作，也就是“就业”。

If a country has a well-run economy, most people have a job. 如果一个国家的经济运行良好，那么大多数人都有工作。

In Australia in 2026, for example, approximately 95.5 percent of people who want a job find one. 例如，到 2026 年，澳大利亚大约有 95.5% 的求职者能够找到工作。

This means that the "unemployment rate" is 4.5 percent. 这意味着“失业率”为4.5%。

Employers and trades union determine wage rates and employment conditions, such as hours of work, meal breaks and overtime. 雇主和工会共同决定工资水平和工作条件，例如工作时间、用餐休息时间和加班时间。

Many employers do not use unions, instead requiring their employees to sign a "workplace agreement". 许多雇主不采用工会制度，而是要求员工签署“工作场所协议”。

MARRIAGE and PARENTHOOD 婚姻与育儿

When you are an adult you might get married. 成年后你可能会结婚。

The ceremony is called a "marriage ceremony". 该仪式被称为“结婚仪式”。

This might take place in a "place of worship" such as a church. 这可能发生在“礼拜场所”，例如教堂。

The person whom you marry becomes your "partner". 你结婚的对象就成为你的“伴侣”。

They might also be called "husband", "wife" or "spouse". 他们也可能被称为“丈夫”、“妻子”或“配偶”。

Marrying a person of the same gender is legal in Australia and becoming more common. 在澳大利亚，与同性结婚是合法的，而且越来越普遍。

You and your partner might marry before starting a family. 你和你的伴侣可能会在组建家庭之前结婚。

But more and more people are not bothering to formally marry; instead they live in a "de facto" relationship. 但越来越多的人不再费心正式结婚；而是选择同居关系。

A percentage of people become "sole parents", having and raising children without a partner. 一部分人会成为“单亲父母”，在没有伴侣的情况下生育和抚养孩子。

This may be their choice, or it may be because they were married but divorced their spouse, or their spouse died. 这可能是他们的选择，也可能是因为他们结过婚但离婚了，或者他们的配偶去世了。

When you're an adult you might decide to stay at home to look after your family. 成年后，你可能会选择留在家里照顾家人。

Then you become a "housewife" or a "househusband". 然后你就成了“家庭主妇”或“家庭主夫”。

GROWING OLD and DYING 衰老与死亡

When you reach the age of 67 (in Australia) you can retire on a Government pension. 在澳大利亚，年满 67 岁即可领取政府养老金退休。

Then you become a "retiree" or a "pensioner". 然后你就成了“退休人员”或“养老金领取者”。

Richer retirees receive smaller (or no) pensions from the Government. 富裕的退休人员从政府获得的养老金较少（或根本没有养老金）。

When you die you "pass away" and you are dead. 人死后就“去世”了，你就真的死了。

You become known as "the deceased". 你将被世人称为“死者”。

Your body is usually taken to an undertakers and placed in a coffin. 你的遗体通常会被送到殡仪馆，放入棺材。

Then your family and friends hold a ceremony - a funeral or a burial. 然后你的家人和朋友会举行仪式——葬礼或安葬仪式。

You are buried in a grave, or cremated. 你将被埋葬在墓穴中，或者火化。

Hopefully you wrote a Will before you died. 希望你生前立了遗嘱。

A Will tells your "executor" about how you want your belongings to be shared between your heirs. 遗嘱会告诉你的“遗嘱执行人”，你希望你的财产如何在继承人之间分配。

This is their "inheritance". 这就是他们的“遗产”。

If both your parents die when you're still young, you are an "orphan". 如果你的父母在你年幼时双双去世，你就成了“孤儿”。

CONGRATULATIONS and CONDOLENCES 恭喜与慰问

At the birth of a baby: Congratulations on the birth of your baby girl / boy. 宝宝出生时：恭喜您喜得千金/女婴。

At a graduation: Congratulations! All the best for the future! 毕业典礼上：恭喜！祝你未来一切顺利！

At a wedding: Congratulations! All the best for your future! 婚礼上：恭喜！祝你们未来一切顺利！

At retirement: All the best for your future. 退休之际：祝您未来一切顺利。

At death: I'm sorry for your loss / I'm so sorry to hear that / Please accept my sincere condolences. 临终之际：我对您的损失深感悲痛 / 听到这个消息我非常难过 / 请接受我最诚挚的慰问。

第 174 课：从出生到死亡的生命历程

Lesson 174: Life from Birth to Death

Pregnancy 怀孕

A woman becomes pregnant, through having sex with a man or using IVF (=In-Vitro Fertilisation). 女性通过与男性发生性关系或使用体外受精（IVF）怀孕。

We say "she's pregnant". 我们说“她怀孕了”。She's "having a baby". 她“要生孩子了”。We call it "a pregnancy". 我们称之为“怀孕”。

A woman who has tried unsuccessfully for years to become pregnant can try to use a "surrogate", a woman who will have the baby for her. 多年尝试怀孕未果的女性可以尝试找“代孕母亲”，由一位女性为她生下孩子。

Antenatal 产前

Sole Parent 独生子女

A woman may decide to have a baby without the help of a man. 女性可能会在没有男性帮助的情况下决定生育孩子。 She becomes pregnant using sperm from an unknown donor. 她使用来自不知名捐精者的精子怀孕了。 She may also use a surrogate. 她也可能选择代孕。

Another reason for becoming a sole parent is if a woman's partner leaves her, and the family's children stay with her. 成为单亲母亲的另一个原因是，如果女性的伴侣离开她，而家里的孩子则和她一起生活。

Labour 分娩

After a pregnancy of 9 months (approximately), a woman starts to have her baby. 经过大约 9 个月的怀孕，女性开始分娩。This is called "going into labour". 这叫做“进入产程”。

This can take many hours for a woman's first pregnancy. 对于初次怀孕的女性来说，这可能需要几个小时。 Her vagina has to stretch to allow the baby's head to move through it. 她的阴道必须扩张，才能让婴儿的头部通过。

Specialist health workers called "midwives" are usually on hand to help. 通常会有被称为“助产士”的专业医护人员在场提供帮助。

Giving Birth 分娩

When the baby is born, the woman has "given birth" and is now called a "mother". 婴儿出生后，这位女性就“分娩”了，现在被称为“母亲”。 She has "had a baby". 她“生了个孩子”。 The baby is called a "newborn". 这个婴儿被称为“新生儿”。

Birth Certificate and Health Test 出生证明和健康检查

All babies are registered at birth, and their parents receive a birth certificate showing their date and place of birth. 所有婴儿出生时都会进行登记，他们的父母会收到一份出生证明，上面会显示婴儿的出生日期和地点。

As soon as possible after birth, the baby is given a series of tests known as APGAR to see if they need emergency care. 婴儿出生后会尽快接受一系列称为 APGAR 评分的测试，以确定是否需要紧急护理。

Breastfeeding 哺乳

Newborns cannot eat solid food. 新生儿不能吃固体食物。 They drink milk. 他们喝牛奶。 The best milk comes from the mother's breasts, called "breastmilk". 最好的奶来自母亲的乳房，称为“母乳”。

It contains many chemicals that protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to the development of a child’s immune system. 它含有多种化学物质，可以预防感染和炎症，并有助于儿童免疫系统的发育。

If breastfeeding is difficult or painful, the mother can use a "breast pump" to take milk from her breasts, put it into a bottle and feed the baby from that. 如果母乳喂养困难或疼痛，母亲可以使用“吸奶器”将乳汁从乳房中吸出，装入奶瓶中喂给婴儿。

If the mother cannot produce enough milk, a substitute called "formula" can be used. 如果母亲无法产生足够的母乳，可以使用一种叫做“配方奶”的替代品。 It is a powder, mixed with boiled water which has cooled. 它是粉末状的，与冷却后的开水混合而成。

Nappies (US: diapers) 尿布（美国：尿布）

Babies have no control over their urination or defecation, to they wear nappies to soak up their waste. 婴儿无法控制排尿或排便，所以需要穿尿布来吸收排泄物。

Nappies made of cotton can be washed and used many times. 棉质尿布可以多次洗涤和使用。 Paper nappies are thrown into household rubbish after a single use. 纸尿裤用过一次后就被扔进了生活垃圾桶。

Christening and other rituals 洗礼及其他仪式

Adoption and Surrogacy 收养和代孕

GROWING UP and SCHOOLING 成长与求学

18 is the age at which you can get married without having to ask your parents for permission (called parental consent). 18 岁是无需征得父母同意（即父母同意）即可结婚的年龄。

This can take many hours for a woman's first pregnancy. 对于初次怀孕的女性来说，这可能需要几个小时。

Her vagina has to stretch to allow the baby's head to move through it. 她的阴道必须扩张，才能让婴儿的头部通过。

When the baby is born, the woman has "given birth" and is now called a "mother". 婴儿出生后，这位女性就“分娩”了，现在被称为“母亲”。

She has "had a baby". 她“生了个孩子”。

The baby is called a "newborn". 这个婴儿被称为“新生儿”。

Newborns cannot eat solid food. 新生儿不能吃固体食物。

They drink milk. 他们喝牛奶。

The best milk comes from the mother's breasts, called "breastmilk". 最好的奶来自母亲的乳房，称为“母乳”。

If the mother cannot produce enough milk, a substitute called "formula" can be used. 如果母亲无法产生足够的母乳，可以使用一种叫做“配方奶”的替代品。

It is a powder, mixed with boiled water which has cooled. 它是粉末状的，与冷却后的开水混合而成。

Nappies made of cotton can be washed and used many times. 棉质尿布可以多次洗涤和使用。

Paper nappies are thrown into household rubbish after a single use. 纸尿裤用过一次后就被扔进了生活垃圾桶。