教训80：令人困惑的使徒

Lesson 80: The Confusing Apostrophe

撇号（'）令人困惑，因为它们做了三件事：

Apostrophes (') are confusing because they do three different things:

1.他们显示拥有（某物的所有权）。

1. they show possession (ownership of something).

2.它们显示收缩（单词缺失一个或多个字母）。

2. they show contractions (words with one or more letters missing).

3.有时它们被用来复数。

3. occasionally they are used to make plurals.

SHOWING POSSESSION - RULES 显示所有权-规则

规则1.如果所有者（某人或某物）是单数名词并且不以-S结尾，则在其名词中添加撇号和字母-S。 以下是一些示例，主要来自以前的课程：

Rule 1. If the owner (somebody or something) is a singular noun and does not end in -S, add an apostrophe plus the letter -S to their noun. Here are examples, mainly from previous lessons:

I just met Fred's girlfriend. 我刚遇到弗雷德的女朋友。

The nurse's compassion. 护士的同情心。

Red sky at night, shepherd's delight. 夜晚的红色天空，牧羊人的喜悦。

Fred's boss caught him kissing the receptionist. 弗雷德的老板抓住他亲吻了接待员。

Muriel's hip caught the corner of a table. 穆里尔的臀部抓住了桌子的一角。

Fred tried to catch the waiter's eye. 弗雷德试图引起服务员的注意。

Fred's cat hopped onto his lap. 弗雷德的猫跳到他的腿上。

All the students in Alice's class. 爱丽丝班上的所有学生。

She leapt to her friend's assistance. 她跳到朋友的帮助下。

John's heart leapt when he saw Yan. 约翰见到严时，他的心跳了起来。

Our friend's wife. 我们朋友的妻子。

The boy's shoes. 男孩的鞋子。

规则2。如果所有者名词是单数，但以-S结尾，则英语有不同的规则，但是最好的规则仍然是加撇号和-S。 例子：

Rule 2. If the owner noun is singular but ends in an -S, there are different rules in English, but the best rule is still to add an apostrophe and -S. Examples:

The boss's office. 老板的办公室。

Doris's house. 多丽丝的房子。

An exception: "for goodness' sake". 有一个例外：“为善”。

规则3.如果所有者名词是通过在单数名词上加上-S制成的复数形式，则只需加上撇号而不加-S。 例子：

Rule 3. If the owner noun is a plural that has been made by adding an -S to a singular noun, just add an apostrophe but no -S. Examples:

Our friends' wives (friends is the plural of friend). 我们朋友的妻子（朋友是朋友的复数）。

The boys' shoes (boys is the plural of boy). 男孩的鞋子（男孩是男孩的复数）。

规则4.一些名词是不规则的-当它们变成复数形式时，它们的拼写就会改变。 例如：孩子->孩子，牙齿->牙齿，女人->女人，男人->男人。
这里的规则是：添加撇号和-S。 例子：

Rule 4. Some nouns are irregular - when they become plural they change their spelling. Examples: child -> children, tooth -> teeth, woman -> women, man -> men.

The rule here is: add an apostrophe and an -S. Examples:

the children's shoes (children is the plural of child). 儿童鞋（儿童是儿童的复数形式）。

the teeth's whiteness (teeth is the plural of tooth). 牙齿的洁白度（牙齿是牙齿的复数）。

the women's dresses (women is the plural of woman). 妇女的衣服（妇女是妇女的复数）。

the men's trousers (men is the plural of man). 男人的裤子（男人是男人的复数）。

规则5.一些名词变成复数时不会改变其拼写。 例如：鹿->鹿，羊->羊。
这里的规则是：先加上-S，再加上撇号。 例子：

Rule 5. Some nouns don't alter their spelling when they become plural. Examples: deer -> deer, sheep -> sheep.
The rule here is: add an -S then an apostrophe. Examples:

Singular: the sheep's wool (the wool belonging to one sheep). 单数：绵羊的羊毛（属于一只绵羊的羊毛）。
Plural: the sheeps' wool (the wool belonging to more than one sheep). 复数：绵羊的羊毛（一种以上的羊毛属于羊毛）。

Singular: the deer's antlers (the antlers belonging to one deer). 单数：鹿的鹿角（属于一只鹿的鹿角）。
Plural: the deers' antlers (the antlers belonging to more than one deer). 复数：鹿的鹿角（属于多个鹿的鹿角）。

规则6.如果某人的名字以-S结尾，请添加-ES以使其复数。
例如，名为琼斯的家庭被称为“琼斯”。
当提到琼斯家族拥有的东西时，只需加上撇号。

Rule 6. If someone's name ends in -S, add -ES to make it plural.
For example, the family named Jones are called "the Joneses".
When you refer to something owned by the Jones family, add just an apostrophe.

Incorrect: the Jones' car. 错误的：琼斯的车。

Correct: the Joneses' car. 正确：琼斯的车。

规则7：对于单数复合名词，加撇号，然后加-S。

Rule 7: For singular compound nouns, add an apostrophe then -S.

Example: My sister-in-law's children. 示例：我嫂子的孩子。

规则8：对于复数复合名词，在其后加-S表示撇号。

Rule 8: For plural compound nouns, add an apostrophe then -S.

Example: My sisters-in-law's children. 示例：我嫂子的孩子。

规则9.如果两个人拥有同一个对象，则仅在第二个名字之后加上撇号加-S。

Rule 9. If two people own the same object, put the apostrophe plus -S after the second name only.

Example: Muriel and Frank's home. 示例：穆里尔和弗兰克的家。

规则10.如果两个人拥有相同类型的不同对象，请在两个名字后面加上撇号加-S。

Rule 10. If two people own different objects of the same type, use an apostrophe plus -S after both their names.

Example: Alice's and Sandra's houses are both attractive. 示例：爱丽丝和桑德拉(Sandra)的房子都很吸引人。

规则11.有时将时间或金钱用作形容词（“宾语形容词”）。 在其后加上撇号，但不要加上-S。

Rule 11. Amounts of time or money are sometimes used as adjectives ("possessive adjectives"). Put an apostrophe but no -S after them.

Incorrect: two weeks holiday. 错误的：两个星期的假期。
Correct: two weeks' holiday. 正确：两个星期的假期。

Incorrect: I'd like 500 grams worth. 错误的：我想值500克。
Correct: I'd like 500 grams' worth. 正确：我想要500克。

规则12.人称代词指的是她，我们，您，他们的，它的，自己的和自己的代词。

Rule 12. The personal pronouns hers, ours, yours, theirs, its, whose and oneself never require an apostrophe.

Incorrect: Please don't feed the duck bread. That is not good for it's health. (This sentence means "That is not good for it is health.") 错误：请不要喂鸭面包。 那对健康不利。 （这句话的意思是“那对健康有害无益。”）
Correct: Please don't feed the duck bread. That is not good for its health. 正确：请不要喂鸭面包。 那对它的健康不利。

Incorrect: Who's car is blocking the driveway? (This sentence means "Who is car is blocking the driveway?") 错误：谁的车在挡车道？ （这句话的意思是“谁在挡车道？”）
Correct: Whose car is blocking the driveway? 正确：谁的车挡着车道？

规则13.注意以-Y结尾的单数名词。 通过添加撇号和-S来显示所有权，而不是将-Y更改为-IES。

Rule 13. Be careful of singular nouns ending in -Y. Show possession by adding an apostrophe and -S, not by changing the -Y to -IES.

Correct: The baby's nappy. 正确：婴儿的尿布。
Incorrect: The babies nappy (This phrase has no meaning). 错误：婴儿尿布（此短语没有意义）。

规则14.注意以-IES结尾的复数名词。 通过在-IES之后添加撇号来显示所有权。

Rule 14. Be careful of plural nouns ending in -IES. Show possession by adding just an apostrophe after the -IES.

Example 1: Four of the ladies' children go to the same kinder. (This sentence refers to 4 children, belonging to 2 or more ladies). 例1：四个女童同一个孩子。 （这句话指的是4个孩子，属于2个或更多的女士）。

Example 2: Four of the lady's children go to the same kinder. (This sentence refers to 4 kids from the one lady). 示例2：女士的四个孩子去同一个亲戚。 （这句话指的是一位女士的四个孩子）。

SHOWING CONTRACTIONS 显示合同

以下是120个宫缩及其完整拼写的列表。 一些不使用撇号。 例子大多来自较早的课程。

Here is a list of 120 contractions and their full spellings. A few don't use apostrophes. Examples are mostly from earlier lessons.

aren't = are not. We aren't line of sight to the mobile phone tower here, so reception can be poor. 我们这里不是移动电话塔的视线，所以接待可能很差。

can't = can not / cannot. Frank and Muriel just phoned. They can't come to dinner tonight. 弗兰克和穆里尔只是打电话。 他们今晚不能来吃饭。

'cause = because. I have to walk slowly 'cause my knee hurts. 我必须缓慢行走，因为膝盖受伤。

could've = could have. You could've phoned to let me know you'd be late! 您可以打电话告诉我您会迟到！

couldn't = could not. I couldn't hear her for the thunder of the waterfall. 我听不到瀑布的雷声。

couldn't've = could not have. The prisoners couldn't've escaped even if they'd tried. 囚犯即使尝试也无法逃脱。

daren't = dare not / dared not. We daren't disobey those instructions. 我们不敢违反这些指示。

didn't = did not. There's so much noise, I didn't catch what you said. 有太多的噪音，我没听清楚你说的话。

doesn't = does not. Sally is vegetarian. She doesn't like meat. 莎莉是素食主义者。 她不喜欢吃肉。

don't = do not / does not. Don't be angry with him. 不要生他的气。

d'you = do you / did you. What do they think of that, d'you reckon? 你认为他们怎么想？

everybody's = everybody is. Everybody's annoyed with noisy traffic in our street. 在我们这条街上，每个人都被嘈杂的交通所烦扰。

everyone's = everyone is. Everyone's excited to see the Moomba Parade. 每个人都很高兴看到Moomba游行。

g'day = good day. Ernie: G'day Bert. 厄尼：G'day 伯特。

gimme = give me. Can you gimme that screwdriver, please? 你能给我那把螺丝刀吗？

gonna = going to. Are we gonna get more storms? 我们会得到更多风暴吗？

gotta = got to. I've gotta buy some petrol [US: gasoline] today, the gauge is almost on empty. 今天我得买点汽油[美国：汽油]，压力表几乎没电了。

hadn't = had not. Sandra hadn't done binary arithmetic for a while, and was rusty. 桑德拉有一段时间没有完成二进制算术，并且生锈了。

had've = had have. If Betty had've known how rude her boss could be, she might not have worked for him. 如果贝蒂知道她的老板有多么无礼，她可能就不会为他工作。

hasn't = has not. Frank hasn't felt right since he fell and hurt his hip. 自从他摔倒并伤到他的臀部后，弗兰克感觉不对劲。

haven't = have not. Things haven't been going right for him recently. 最近事情对他来说并不合适。

he'd = he had / he would. John tripped over a power lead he'd forgotten to put away. 约翰绊倒了他忘记收起的电源线。

he'll = he shall / he will. Frank doesn't like throwing things away; he thinks he'll find a use for them one day. 弗兰克不喜欢丢东西; 他认为有一天他会找到他们的用处。

he's = he has / he is. Alice's boyfriend is nice, but he's not Sandra's type. 爱丽丝的男朋友很好，但他不是桑德拉(Sandra)的类型。

how'd = how did / how would. How'd you find out about this exhibition? 您如何了解这次展览的？

how'll = how will. How'll we go about fixing this? 我们将如何解决这个问题？

how're = how are. How're you doing, man? 你好吗，伙计？

how's = how has / how is / how does. "What's up with ----?" = How's ---- doing? “怎么了----？” =怎么样----做什么？

I'd = I had / I would. Muriel knocked on a friend's door and said "I was just passing, and thought I'd drop in". 穆里尔敲了一下朋友的门，说：“我刚刚过去了，以为我会掉进去”。

I'd've = I would have. Previously, I'd've complained about the poor service, but I'm more tolerant these days. 以前，我会抱怨服务质量差，但是现在我比较宽容。

I'll = I shall / I will. Thank you for that advice, I'll bear it in mind. 谢谢你的建议，我会记住它。

I'm = I am. I'm looking forward to this, except for the weather. 除了天气，我很期待这个。

I've = I have. And while I've got you, how about tinned tomatoes? 虽然我有你，但罐装西红柿怎么样？

isn't = is not. Although it isn't his favourite swimming stroke, David does the crawl quite well. 虽然这不是他最喜欢的游泳运动，但大卫的表现非常好。

it'd = it would. It'd be a welcome decision, if the Government increased unemployment benefit. 如果政府增加失业救济金，这将是一个可喜的决定。

it'll = it shall / it will. The weather forecast says it'll hail later. 天气预报显示它将在以后欢呼。

it's = it has / it is. It's raining very heavily, be careful. 下雨很严重，要小心。

let's = let us. Let's get a table by the window, then we can watch people on the beach. 让我们在窗边看一张桌子，然后我们就可以在沙滩上看人了。

ma'am = madam. It's polite to say sir or ma'am when addressing a stranger. 和一个陌生人打招呼时，要对先生或女士说些礼貌。

may've = may have. The engine may've become too hot to work properly. 发动机可能变得太热而无法正常工作。

mightn't = might not. Delivery mightn't happen until tomorrow, in which case we don't have to rush today. 交付可能要到明天才会发生，在这种情况下我们今天不必急于求成。

might've = might have. The missing walkers might've confused a side track with the main path. 失踪的步行者可能已经把一条侧道与主要道路混淆了。

mustn't = must not. An instruction from someone or some organisation telling you what you must (or mustn't) do. 某人或某个组织的指示，告诉您必须（或必须）做什么。

mustn't've = must not have. We mustn't've checked the alarm was set when we went out. 我们一定不在出门时检查警报是否已设置。

must've = must have. He must've been in his wrong mind when he signed that contract. 他签署合同时一定是他的错误思想。

needn't = need not. We needn't rush, the train doesn't leave for another hour. 我们不必着急，火车再也不走一个小时。

o'clock = of the clock. Is it 10 o'clock yet? 现在是10点了吗？

oughtn't = ought not. The court oughtn't allow these robbers to escape a jail term. 法院不应该允许这些强盗逃脱监禁。

shan't = shall not. I shan't be sitting at the back of the room. 我不会坐在房间的后面。

she'd = she had / she would. Alice didn't know when she'd get the time to finish her report. 爱丽丝不知道她什么时候有时间完成她的报告。

she'll = she shall / she will. She'll go and visit her friend in hospital this afternoon. 她今天下午去医院看望她的朋友。

she's = she has / she is. She's going to start a diet next week. 她下周要开始节食了。

should've = should have. "It's about time" = this should've happened earlier. “这是关于时间的”=这应该早点发生。

shouldn't = should not. A good used car shouldn't be too hard to come by. 一辆好的二手车应该不会太难。

shouldn't've = should not have. "To kick up a fuss" = to become angry about something, especially if it shouldn't've happened. “大惊小怪”=对某事感到愤怒，特别是如果不应该发生的话。

somebody's = somebody has / somebody is. Frank, somebody's at the door. 弗兰克，有人在门口。

someone's = someone has / someone is. Frank, someone's at the door. 弗兰克，有人在门口。

something's = something has / something is. "Something's up" = something unusual is happening. “出事了” =发生了异常情况。

so're = so are. Sandra is clever and so're her sisters. 桑德拉很聪明，她的姐妹们也很聪明。

that'll = that shall / that will. The next time the schoolgirl uses her phone in class, the teacher will confiscate it. That'll show her! 下一次女学生在课堂上使用她的手机时，老师会没收它。 那会告诉她！

that're = that are. A spell is spoken words that're thought to cause magic. XXXX被认为会导致魔法的口语。

that's = that has / that is. A swimming stroke that's like crawling. 游泳中风就像爬行一样。

that'd = that would / that had. A crew member on a luxury yacht, that'd be my idea of a great job. 乘豪华游艇上的船员，这就是我的出色工作的想法。

there'd = there had / there would. Alice knew that if they didn't finish this project on time, there'd be problems. 爱丽丝知道，如果他们不按时完成这个项目，那就会有问题。

there'll = there shall / there will. By 2021 it is expected there'll be 18 women's teams. 到2021年，预计将有18支女队。

there're = there are. When camping, make sure there're no live coals in the fireplace when you leave. 露营时，确保离开时壁炉中没有活煤。

there's = there has / there is. Frank, there's someone at the door to talk to you. 弗兰克，门口有人跟你说话。

these're = these are. These're difficult conditions. 这些都是困难的条件。

these've = these have. Suggestions were made to our Council, and these've been welcomed. 向我们的理事会提出了建议，这些建议受到欢迎。

they'd = they had / they would. They decided they'd rather bring their children up in a smaller town. 他们决定宁愿带孩子到一个小城镇去。

they'll = they shall / they will. They'll be out on their ears. 他们会在他们耳边。

they're = they are / they were. "To kick someone when they're down". “在某人情绪低落时踢他某人”

they've = they have. At the time when you leave, that person continues doing what they've been doing. 当你离开时，那个人继续做他们一直在做的事情。

this's = this has / this is. "This's like pulling teeth" = this is very difficult. “这就像拔牙一样”=这很难。

those're = those are. Many houses were damaged in the bushfires, and those're likely to be demolished. 许多房屋在丛林大火中被破坏，并且有可能被拆除。

those've = those have. Twenty houses were saved from the bushfires, and those've already been repainted. 从丛林大火中拯救了20所房屋，这些房屋已经重新粉刷过。

to've = to have. Goodbye Alice. Nice to've met you. 再见爱丽丝。 很高兴见到你。

'twas = it was (archaic English). 'twas such a difficult morning, I needed a cup of tea and a lie down. 这是一个艰难的早晨，我需要一杯茶和一个躺下。

wanna = want to. What do you wanna do? 你想让我做什么？

wasn't = was not. Fred pointed out that, for once, the problem wasn't his fault. 弗雷德指出，这个问题不是他的错。

we'd = we had / we would/ we did. We'd better wear our raincoats, I don't want to bother with umbrellas. 我们最好穿上雨衣，我不想打扰雨伞。

we'd've = we would have. If we'd known he was in trouble, we'd've stopped and helped him. 如果我们知道他有麻烦，我们会停下来帮助他。

we'll = we shall / we will. Later, we'll be paying a flying visit to Alice - you'll be working with her. 稍后，我们将飞往爱丽丝 - 你将和她一起工作。

we're = we are. "We're busy right now but I'll play with you in a few minutes". said Frank to his grandchildren. “我们现在很忙，但几分钟后我就会和你一起玩”。 弗兰克对他的孙子们说。

we've = we have. We've used up all the milk - are you going to the supermarket today? 我们用完了所有的牛奶 - 你今天去超市吗？

weren't = were not. I expected to meet two friends at the pub for lunch, but they weren't there. 我本想在酒吧见两个朋友共进午餐，但他们不在那里。

what'd = what did. Was Mum angry? What'd she say? 妈妈生气了吗？ 她说了什么？

what'll = what shall / what will. Congratulations on your lottery win. What'll you do with the money? 恭喜您中奖了。 这笔钱怎么办？

what're = what are/what were. Ernie: "What're you doing tomorrow, Bert?" 厄尼：“你明天在做什么，伯特？”

what's = what has / what is / what does. What's the weather doing this weekend? 这个周末天气怎么样？

what've = what have. Sandra, what've you learned about our new team member? 桑德拉(Sandra)，您对我们的新团队成员了解到什么？

when's = when has / when is. When's the date of our next meeting? 我们下次开会的时间是几号？

where'd = where did. Our friends disappeared for a while. Where'd they go? 我们的朋友消失了一段时间。 他们去哪了

where'll = where shall / where will. Where'll we meet tonight, in the Mall or at the restaurant? 今晚我们将在购物中心或餐厅在哪里见面？

where're = where are. Where're we going to eat tonight? 今晚我们要去哪里吃饭？

where's = where has / where is / where does. Where's the nearest train station, please? 请问最近的火车站在哪里？

where've = where have. Where've our friends disappeared to? 我们的朋友在哪里消失了？

which'd = which had / which would. We are against any freeway which'd consume too much local parkland. 我们反对任何会占用太多当地公园绿地的高速公路。

which'll = which shall / which will. These cars all need repairing. Which'll be fixed first? 这些车都需要修理。 哪个会先修好？

which're = which are. There are also "abstract" nouns, which're emotions or ideas. 还有“抽象”的名词，它们是情感或想法。

which's = which has / which is. Frank and Muriel holidayed in Byron Bay, which's a good base for exploring Northern NSW. 弗兰克和穆里尔在拜伦湾度假，这是探索新南威尔士州北部的理想基地。

which've = which have. Alice, can you tell us about the problems which've been worrying you? 爱丽丝，您能告诉我们一些令您担心的问题吗？

who'd = who would / who had / who did. Who'd like to chair this meeting? 谁想主持这次会议？

who'd've = who would have. Who'd've thought that our local soccer team would win the competition? 谁曾想到我们当地的足球队会赢得比赛？

who'll = who shall / who will. Who'll be in charge of our team? 谁来负责我们的团队？

who're = who are. Who're you? 你是谁？

who's = who has / who is / who does. Who's cooking dinner tonight? 今晚谁在做晚餐？

who've = who have. This meal service is for people who've become homeless. 这项用餐服务是为无家可归的人提供的。

why'd = why did. Why'd you leave your last job? 你为什么离开上一份工作？

why're = why are. Why're you looking at me like that? 你为什么这样看着我？

why's = why has / why is / why does. Why's the motor making that funny noise? 电机为什么会发出有趣的声音？

won't = will not. The dog won't be sitting on my lap in the car. 狗不会坐在我的车上。

would've = would have. Who would've thought that our local soccer team would win the competition? 谁会想到我们当地的足球队会赢得比赛？

wouldn't = would not. "Wouldn't be seen dead" = would never do some thing because it is too embarrassing. “不会被视为死亡”=永远不会做某事，因为它太尴尬了。

you'd = you had / you would. Is there anything you'd like to know about this operation? 你有什么想知道的这个操作吗？

you'll = you shall / you will. Later, we'll be paying a flying visit to Alice - you'll be working with her. 稍后，我们将飞往爱丽丝 - 你将和她一起工作。

you're = you are. Thanks, you're a life-saver! 谢谢，你是一个节省生命的人！

you've = you have. Thank you, you've been really helpful! 谢谢，你真的很有帮助！

MAKING PLURALS - RULES 制作规则-规则

许多很多说英语的人都认为，要使单数名词复数，必须加撇号和-S！ 不，不！ 您不需要撇号！

Many, many English speakers think that to make a plural of a singular noun, you must add an apostrophe and an -S! No, no! You do not need the apostrophe!

规则1：如果单数名词不以-S，-SH，-TCH或-X结尾，则只需添加-S。

Rule 1: If the singular noun does not end in -S, -SH , -TCH, or -X, just add an -S.

Incorrect: The shop sells hammer's. 错误：商店出售锤子。
Correct: The shop sells hammers. 正确：商店出售锤子。

规则2：如果单数名词以-S，-SH，-TCH或-X结尾，则通过添加-ES来使它们复数。 在第79课中为您提供了示例。

Rule 2: If the singular noun ends in an -S, -SH , -TCH, or -X, make the plural by adding -ES. Examples were given to you in Lesson 79.

Incorrect: The play had 3 witch's as characters. 错误的：该剧原本有3个女巫作为角色。
Correct: The play had 3 witches as characters. 正确：该剧有3个女巫作为角色。

规则3：如果您使用的单词通常不是名词的复数形式，则可以添加撇号（如果它更易于理解）。 在示例中，单词“ do”通常不是名词。

Rule 3: If you are making a plural of a word that is not normally a noun, you may add an apostrophe if it makes it easier to understand. In the example, the word "do" is not normally a noun.

Example: Here are some do's and don'ts. 示例：这是一些要做和不做的事情。

规则4：对于单个字母或数字，加撇号肯定会使您的句子更易于理解。

Rule 4: With single letters or numbers, adding apostrophes will definitely make your sentence easier to understand.

Examples: His 1's look like 7's. 示例：他的1看起来像7。

Mind your P's and Q's. 记住你的P和Q。

规则5：使用2个或多个字母的首字母缩写词或缩写，或2个或多个数字的数字，则不需要撇号。

Rule 5: With acronyms or abbreviations of 2 or more letters, or numbers of 2 or more digits, you don't need an apostrophe.

Examples: I met 3 MPs. 例子：我遇到了3个国会议员。

You go to school to learn your ABCs. 您去学校学习ABC。

The temperature today will be in the low 40s. 今天的温度将在40岁以下。

为了完成本课程，可能最常见的错误是“它”和“它是”。 记得：
“它”的意思是“属于它”。
“是”的意思是“是”。