第115课：分词

Lesson 115: Participles

The word "Participles" sounds very technical, but the idea is easy to understand. “分词”一词听起来很技术性，但是这个想法很容易理解。 A Participle is a word formed from a verb. There are three types. 分词是由动词组成的词。 共有三种类型。

A PRESENT PARTICIPLE 现在的参与者

This is made by adding -ING to a regular verb. There are different rules for irregular verbs. 这是通过在常规动词上加上-ING来实现的。 不规则动词有不同的规则。 Examples: walk -> walking, hope -> hoping, boil -> boiling, hose -> hosing. 例如：步行->步行，希望->希望，烧开->沸腾，软管->住房。 A Present Participle refers to the time right now, or an action that is continuing. 当前分词指的是现在的时间，或正在进行的动作。 Present Participles can be used as adjectives, for example "boiling water". 当前分词可以用作形容词，例如“开水”。 They are also used to form extra tenses: the "Present Perfect Continuous", the "Past Perfect Continuous" and the "Future Perfect Continuous", which are all in the next lesson. 它们还用于形成额外的时态：“当前完美连续”，“过去完美连续”和“未来完美连续”，这些都将在下一课中进行介绍。

A PAST PARTICIPLE 过去的参与

This is made by adding -D or -ED to a regular verb. There are different rules for irregular verbs. 这是通过在常规动词上加上-D或-ED来实现的。 不规则动词有不同的规则。 Examples: walk -> walked, hope -> hoped, boil -> boiled, hose -> hosed. 示例：步行->步行，希望->希望，烧开->煮沸，软管->用软管冲洗。 A past participle refers to a past time, or a completed action. 过去分词是指过去的时间或完成的动作。 Past Participles can be used as adjectives, for example "boiled eggs". 过去分词可以用作形容词，例如“煮鸡蛋”。 They are also used to form extra tenses: the "Present Perfect Simple", the "Past Perfect Simple" and the "Future Perfect Simple", which are all in the next lesson. 它们还用于形成额外的时态：“当前完美简单”，“过去完美简单”和“未来完美简单”，这些都将在下一课中进行介绍。

A PERFECT PARTICIPLE 完美的参与者

This is made by putting the word "having" in front of the Past Participle. 这是通过在过去分词前面加上“具有”一词来实现的。 Examples: walk -> having walked, hope -> having hoped, boil -> having boiled, hose -> having hosed. 例如：走路->走路，希望->希望，烧开->煮沸，软管->软管。 A Perfect Participle refers to a completed action. 完全分词是指完成的动作。 It's not used to form an extra tense. It is however used to form these types of sentence: 它不是用来形成额外的时态的。 但是，它用于形成以下类型的句子： Having eaten a large breakfast, Fred felt able to do a good day's work. 吃了一顿丰盛的早餐后，弗雷德感到能够做得很好。 Having hoped for at least a 90% score, David was pleased to score 92%. 大卫希望至少获得90％的分数，但他很高兴获得92％的分数。 Having walked 10 kilometres, Frank was feeling ready for a picnic lunch. 弗兰克已经走了10公里，已经准备好野餐午餐了。

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