第50课：代词

Lesson 50: Pronouns

这是一个很长的教训。请花点时间了解它。

This is a very long lesson. Please take time to understand it.

代词是取代名词或名词短语的单词，因此您不必重复名词短语。

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or a noun phrase, so that you don't have to repeat the noun phrase.

例如，看看这一段：

For example, look at this paragraph:

The young boy picked up the blue ball. The young boy threw the blue ball over the fence. 那个小男孩拿起了蓝色的球。那个小男孩把蓝色的球扔到篱笆上。

本段有两个名词短语，“小男孩”和“蓝色小球”。两者都在第二句中重复。这是正确的英语，但在惯用的情况下，我们说“这是啰嗦”。这意味着它有太多的单词，并且说话或写作时间太长。

There are two noun phrases in this paragraph, "the young boy" and "the blue ball". Both are repeated in the second sentence. This is correct English, but idiomatically we say "it's long-winded". That means it has too many words and takes too long to say or write.

写这个英语的更好方法是使用代词。

A better way of writing this English uses pronouns.

您可以使用代词“he”而不是重复名词短语 “小男孩”。

You can use the pronoun "he" instead of repeating the noun phrase "the young boy".

您可以使用代词“it”而不是重复名词短语 “蓝色小球”。

You can use the pronoun "it" instead of repeating the noun phrase "the blue ball".

现在英语看起来像这样：

Now the English looks like this:

The young boy picked up the blue ball. He threw it over the fence. 那个小男孩拿起了蓝色的球。他把它扔到篱笆上。

这是更短，更好的英语。说英语的人一直使用代词。一个流利的英语演讲者甚至不需要考虑使用代词 - 他们只是发生！

This is shorter, better English. English speakers use pronouns all the time. A fluent English speaker doesn't even need to think about using pronouns - they just happen!

这是另一个例子：

Here is another example:

Fred picked up the bucket of sand. Fred put the bucket of sand on the table. 弗雷德拿起一桶沙子。弗雷德把一桶沙子放在桌子上。

使用代词，这变为：

Using pronouns, this becomes:

Fred picked up the bucket of sand. He put it on the table. 弗雷德拿起一桶沙子。他把它放在桌子上。

使用代词时必须遵守两条规则：

You must follow two rules when using pronouns:

规则1.代词必须指已经写过或说过的名词或名词短语。

Rule 1. The pronoun must refer to a noun or noun phrase that has already been written or spoken about.

你看到“he”在第一个例子中指的是“小男孩”，而“it”指的是“蓝色小球”。 “he”在第二个例子中是指“弗雷德”，而“it”是指“沙桶”。

You see that "He" refers to "The young boy" in the first example, and "it" refers to "the blue ball". "He" refers to "Fred" in the second example, and "it" refers to "the bucket of sand".

这些代词在英语中被称为“人称代词”。你在第5课中学到了这些，当时John称他们为“性别词”。你还记得这些例子吗？

These pronouns are called "Personal Pronouns" in English. You learned them in Lesson 5, when John called them "Gender Words". Do you remember these examples?

The man runs. He runs. 那人跑了。他经营。

The woman runs. She runs. 那个女人跑了。她跑了。

The dog sleeps. It sleeps. 狗睡觉了。它睡了。

规则2.代词必须与它所指的名词“一致”。如果名词是单数，则代词必须是单数。如果名词是复数，则代词必须是复数。

Rule 2. The pronoun must "agree" with the noun it refers to. If the noun is singular, the pronoun must be singular. If the noun is plural, the pronoun must be plural.

这是一个以两个人为主题的例子，所以他们的代名词是“他们”，两个球作为对象，所以他们的代名词是“他们”：

Here is an example with two people as subjects, so their pronoun is "they", and two balls as objects, so their pronoun is "them":

Elizabeth picked up a blue ball and Alice picked up a red ball. Elizabeth and Alice threw the blue ball and the red ball over the fence. 伊丽莎白拿起一个蓝色的球，爱丽丝拿起一个红球。伊丽莎白和爱丽丝把蓝色的球和红球扔到篱笆上。

变为：

Becomes:

Elizabeth picked up a blue ball and Alice picked up a red ball. They threw them over the fence. 伊丽莎白拿起一个蓝色的球，爱丽丝拿起一个红球。他们把它们扔到篱笆上。

此外，如果名词是男性（例如“弗雷德”），则代词必须是男性（“he”）。如果名词是女性的，代名词必须是女性（“she”）。如果名词既不属于这些性别（用英语，我们称之为“中性”），代词必须是“it”。

Also, if a noun is masculine ("Fred" for example) the pronoun must be masculine ("he"). If the noun is feminine the pronoun must be feminine ("she"). And if the noun is neither of these genders (in English we call this, "neuter") the pronoun must be "it".

PERSONAL PRONOUNS 人称代词

这有两种类型：“主题”和“对象”。正如您在第4课中所学到的，句子的“主语”是做某个动作的人或事。 “对象”是对其执行操作的人或事物。

There are two types of these: "Subject" and "Object". As you learned in Lesson 4, a "Subject" of a sentence is the person or thing doing an action. The "Object" is the person or thing having the action done to them or it.

下面的表格显示了所有人称代词，主语和宾语。

Below is a table showing all Personal Pronouns, Subject and Object.

要理解这个表格，你需要了解更多的语法 - “人”的概念。

To understand the table, you need to know a little more grammar - the idea of "person".

什么是“人”？你以前用动词来表达这个想法。 “我，你，他，她，它，我们，他们”这些词构成了“人”。它们分为三组：

What is "person"? You have come across this idea before, with verbs. The words "I, you, he, she, it, we, they" make up the "person". They are divided into three groups:

第一人=I（单数）和we（复数）

1st Person = I (singular) and we (plural)

第二人=you（单数）和you（复数）。请记住，从第37课开始，您需要查看上下文，以确定“you”是单数“您”还是复数“you”。

2nd Person = you (singular) and you (plural). Remember from Lesson 37 that you need to look at the context to work out whether the "you" is a singular "you" or a plural "you".

第三人=“he”/“she”/“it”（单数）和“they”（复数）。只有在这个第三人称的单一案例中，性别才是重要的。

3rd Person = "he"/"she"/"it" (singular) and "they" (plural). It's only in this 3rd person singular case that gender is important.

这是表格：

Here's the table:

你看到“it”和“you”没有改变。

You see that "it" and "you" don't change.

再看上面的第一个例子：

Look again at the first example above:

The young boy picked up the blue ball. He threw it over the fence. 那个小男孩拿起了蓝色的球。他把它扔到篱笆上。

“He”是主语代词，“it”是客体代名词。

"He" is a subject pronoun and "it" is an object pronoun.

看看第二个例子：

Look at the second example:

Elizabeth picked up a blue ball and Alice picked up a red ball. They threw them over the fence. 伊丽莎白拿起一个蓝色的球，爱丽丝拿起一个红球。他们把它们扔到篱笆上。

“They”是主语代词，“them”是对象代词。

"They" is a subject pronoun and "them" is an object pronoun.

以下是更多示例：

Here are more examples:

I am 15, you are 17. 我今年15岁，你才17岁。

“I”和“you”都是人称代词。但是“I”和“you”所指的人是谁？这句话没有解释。在此之前的其他句子需要解释。换句话说，您需要了解上下文。例如：

"I" and "you" are both subject personal pronouns. But who are the people to whom "I" and "you" refer? This sentence doesn't explain that. Other sentences, before this one, are needed to explain that. In other words, you need to know the context. For example:

Doris was talking to Jim about going on holiday together. "I am 15, you are 17" said Doris. "My Mum and Dad won't allow it". 多丽丝正和吉姆谈起一起去度假。多丽丝说：“我15岁，你才17岁。” “我的妈妈和爸爸不会允许它”。

现在很明显，“I”是一个主题人称代词，指的是多丽丝。 “you”是指吉姆的主题人称代词。

Now it is clear that "I" is a subject personal pronoun referring to Doris. "You" is a subject personal pronoun referring to Jim.

如果你正在与某人交谈，代词的使用会自然而然地发展。例如：

If you are talking with someone, the use of pronouns develops naturally. For example:

Betty: Hello, my name is Betty. You are Sandra, I believe, and you're starting on Monday? 贝蒂：您好，我的名字是贝蒂。我相信你是桑德拉(Sandra)，你星期一开始？

Sandra: Yes. 桑德拉：对。

Betty: Nice to meet you. I'll be showing you around the company. We can start with the cafeteria. 贝蒂：很高兴认识你。我会带你去公司看看。我们可以从自助餐厅开始。

Sandra: OK, thanks. 桑德拉：好的，谢谢。

Betty: Later, we'll be paying a flying visit to Alice - you'll be working with her. 贝蒂：稍后，我们将飞往爱丽丝 - 你将和她一起工作。

你看到贝蒂用代词“you” - “你正在开始”，“见到你”，“向你展示”，“你将会工作”来引用桑德拉(Sandra)。

You see that Betty refers to Sandra using the pronoun "you" - "you're starting", "meet you", "showing you around", "you'll be working."

贝蒂称自己为“I” - “我相信”，“我会向你展示”。

Betty refers to herself as "I" - "I believe", "I'll be showing you".

贝蒂将他们称为“we” - “我们可以开始”，“我们将付出”。

Betty refers to them together as "we" - "we can start", "we'll be paying".

This kitchen is dirty. It needs to be cleaned. 这个厨房很脏。它需要清理。

“it”是一个主题人称代词，取代了“这个厨房”。

"It" is a subject personal pronoun, taking the place of "This kitchen".

Frank and Muriel just phoned. They can't come to dinner tonight. 弗兰克和穆里尔只是打电话。他们今晚不能来吃饭。

“They”是一个主题人称代词，取代了“弗兰克和穆里尔”。

"They" is a subject personal pronoun, taking the place of "Frank and Muriel".

Sally is vegetarian. She doesn't like meat. 莎莉是素食主义者。她不喜欢吃肉。

“She”是一个主题人称代词，取代了“莎莉”。

"She" is a subject personal pronoun, taking the place of "Sally".

Our dog is howling. It wants to come inside. 我们的狗在嚎叫。它想进来。

“It”是一个主题人称代词，取代了“我们的狗”。

"It" is a subject personal pronoun, taking the place of "Our dog".

I just met Fred's girlfriend. She seems nice. 我刚认识弗雷德的女朋友。她好像很好。

“She”是一个主题人称代词，取代了“弗雷德的女朋友”。

"She" is a subject personal pronoun, taking the place of "Fred's girlfriend".

Can you give me that screwdriver, please? 你能给我那把螺丝刀吗？

“Me”是一个客体人称代词。它是动词“给予”的对象。 “You”是一个主题人称代词。

"Me" is an object personal pronoun. It is the object of the verb "to give". "You" is a subject personal pronoun.

Frank, there's someone at the door to talk to you. 弗兰克，门口有人跟你说话。

“You”是一个客体人称代词，取代了“弗兰克”。它是动词“谈话”的对象。

"You" is an object personal pronoun, taking the place of "Frank". It is the object of the verb "to talk".

Don't be angry with him. 不要生他的气。

“他”是一个客体人称代词。这是动词“生气”的对象。就像上面的“我是15 ......”一样，你需要知道这个之前的句子，以确定“他”是指谁。

"him" is an object personal pronoun. It is the object of the verb "be angry with". Like the "I am 15..." example above, you need to know about the sentences before this one, to determine who "him" refers to.

I can't find it! 我找不到了！

“it”是一个客体人称代词。它是动词“找到”的对象。您需要上下文来确定“it”是什么！

"It" is an object personal pronoun. It is the object of the verb "to find". You need context to determine what "it" is!

The "Spirit of Tasmania" is a great ship. She runs a ferry service from Melbourne to Devonport, Tasmania. “塔斯马尼亚精神”是一艘伟大的船。她从墨尔本到塔斯马尼亚州德文波特的渡轮服务。

“She”是一个主题人称代词。它指的是一艘船。虽然船只是物体，但它们通常被视为英国女性。

"She" is a subject personal pronoun. It refers to a ship. Although ships are objects, they are often treated as female in English.

This was Winx's last race. She will now go to stud. 这是Winx的最后一场比赛。她现在会去铆钉。

“She”是一个主题人称代词。它指的是获奖的雌性赛马，Winx。驯养动物和宠物通常被视为英国女性。国家也可称为女性。

"She" is a subject personal pronoun. It refers to a prize-winning female racehorse, Winx. Domesticated animals and pets are often treated as female in English. Countries may also be referred to as female.

If any of our nurses need help managing stress, he or she can see a psychologist for free. 如果我们的护士需要帮助来控制压力，他或她可以免费看心理学家。

If any of our nurses need help managing stress, they can see a psychologist for free. 如果我们的护士需要帮助管理压力，他们可以免费看心理学家。

“He”，“she”和“they”是人称代词。他们指的是护士或护士，可能是女性或男性。假设你不知道他们的性别。或者护士可能都是性别。在英语中，您可以使用“he or she”，或缩写为“he/she”，或使用“they”来指代任一性别。

"He" and "she" and "they" are subject personal pronouns. They refer to a nurse or nurses, who may be female or male. Assume that you don't know their gender. Or the nurses could be both genders. In English you can either use "he or she", or abbreviate to "he/she", or use "they" to refer to either gender.

It's raining very heavily, be careful. 下雨很严重，要小心。

我们经常用“it”来指代天气。这是一个完整的句子。背景是显而易见的 - 如果“it”与大雨有关，那么“it”必定是天气！

We often use "it" to refer to the weather. This is a complete sentence. The context is obvious - if "it" is associated with heavy rain, then "it" must be the weather!

It's 1900 kilometres from Melbourne to Brisbane. 距离墨尔本到布里斯班有1900公里。

我们经常使用“it”来指代距离。背景是显而易见的 - 如果“it”与数公里相关联，那么“it”必须是一个距离！

We often use "it" to refer to distance. The context is obvious - if "it" is associated with a number of kilometres, then "it" must be a distance!

Is it 10 o'clock yet? 现在是10点了吗？

我们经常用“it”来指代时间。上下文是显而易见的 - 如果“it”与时间相关，那么“it”必须是时间！

We often use "it" to refer to time. The context is obvious - if "it" is associated with a time, then "it" must be a time!

Is it time for dinner yet? 是时候吃饭了吗？

这里“it”显然是指时间。

Here "it" is obviously referring to a time.

It is important to speak English well. 说英语很重要。

It's hard to find a job if you are unskilled. 如果你不熟练，很难找到工作。

It won't take us long to drive to the beach. 我们开车去海滩不会花很长时间。

It's very nice to go on a date with Jan. 和Jan一起约会真是太好了。

在这里，我们使用代词“it”来引入一个句子，这是一个“评论”，显示了某人的想法。我们用“it”开始这句话。

Here we use the pronoun "it" to introduce a sentence which is a "remark", showing somebody's thoughts. We start the sentence with "it".

你现在对人称代词了解很多。但是，还有另外8种常见的代词类型！他们是：

You now know a lot about Personal Pronouns. However, there are another 8 common types of pronoun! They are:

Possessive Pronouns 占有代词

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns 反身和强化代词

Demonstrative Pronouns 指示代词

Interrogative Pronouns 疑问代词

Reciprocal Pronouns 互惠代词

Relative Pronouns 关系代词

Indefinite Pronouns 不定代词

Archaic (ancient) Pronouns 古代代词。古代代词

还有一些与代词非常相似的形容词，因此本课程是学习它们的好地方：

There are also adjectives that are very similar to pronouns, so this lesson is a good place to learn them:

Possessive Adjectives 所有格形容词

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS and POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES 占有代词和占有形容词

我们使用所有格代词代替一个人或一个人，或动物或动物，或属于一个人或一个人，物或物，动物或动物的物体或物体。

We use possessive pronouns to take the place of a person or people, or animal or animals, or object or objects belonging to a person or people, or thing or things, or animal or animals.

占有形容词看起来非常相似，但它们不是代词！下表和示例将向您展示差异。

Possessive adjectives look very similar, but they are not pronouns! The table and examples below will show you the difference.

Can you bring me my coat, please? 请你带我的外套好吗？

“my”是一个占有欲的形容词，描述了属于我的外套。

"my" is a possessive adjective describing a coat that belongs to me.

Look at the coats hanging by the door. Mine is the blue one. 看看门边挂着的外套。我是蓝色的。

“mine”是一种占有性代名词，指的是属于我的蓝色外套。

"mine" is a possessive pronoun referring to a blue coat that belongs to me.

请记住，形容词描述名词和代词取代名词。所以，“my”是一个形容词，意思是“属于我”，而“mine”是代替属于我的东西的代名词。

Remember, adjectives describe nouns and pronouns take the place of nouns. So, "my" is an adjective meaning "belonging to me", while "mine" is a pronoun taking the place of something that belongs to me.

Muriel and Frank temporarily lost their phones. Frank found his but Muriel couldn't find hers. 穆里尔和弗兰克暂时失去了手机。弗兰克找到了他，但穆里尔找不到她的。

“their”是描述穆里尔和弗兰克手机的占有欲形容词。 “his”是一个占有代词，指的是弗兰克的电话。 “hers”是一个占有力的代名词，指的是穆里尔的电话。

"their" is a possessive adjective describing Muriel and Frank's phones. "his" is a possessive pronoun referring to Frank's phone. "hers" is a possessive pronoun referring to Muriel's phone.

The tomatoes in your garden look really good. Mine are a disappointment this year. 你花园里的西红柿看起来很棒。我今年很失望。

“your”是一个占有欲的形容词，描述属于一个人的花园（或者不止一个人，记住“you”是模棱两可的）。 “mine”是一个占有代词，指的是我花园里的西红柿。

"your" is a possessive adjective describing the garden belonging to a person (or perhaps more than one person, remember that "you" is ambiguous). "mine" is a possessive pronoun referring to the tomatoes in my garden.

All the students in Alice's class received good scores, but hers were the best. 爱丽丝班的所有学生都获得了不错的成绩，但她的成绩最好。

“hers”是一个占有代词，指的是爱丽丝的分数。

"hers" is a possessive pronoun referring to Alice's scores.

I can see your car in the car park, but where is ours? 我可以在停车场看到你的车，但我们的位置在哪里？

“your”是一个占有欲的形容词，描述属于一个人（或者可能超过一个人）的汽车。 “ours”是一种占有性代名词，指的是属于我们的汽车。

"your" is a possessive adjective describing the car belonging to a person (or perhaps more than one person). "ours" is a possessive pronoun referring to the car belonging to us.

This isn't the Smiths' car. Theirs is silver. 这不是史密斯的车。他们是银子。

“theirs”是一种占有性代名词，指的是属于史密斯夫妇的汽车。

"theirs" is a possessive pronoun referring to the car belonging to Mr and Mrs Smith.

关于占有形容词的最后一件事。在英语语法中，这些实际上是一种称为“确定者”的特殊形容词。稍后会有关于确定者的教训。

One last thing about Possessive Adjectives. In English grammar, these are actually a special type of adjective called a "Determiner". There is a lesson about Determiners later.

REFLEXIVE and INTENSIVE PRONOUNS 反身和强化代词

这些是相同的单词集，但它们在句子中具有不同的功能。它们以“-self”（单数）或“-selves”（复数）结尾。这是一张桌子：

These are the same set of words but they have different functions in a sentence. They end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). Here's a table:

反身代词被称为反身代词，因为它们“反映”回到句子的主语。当动作的主语也是该动作的对象时，使用它们。例子:

Reflexive pronouns are called reflexive because they "reflect" back to the subject of a sentence. They are used when the subject of an action is also the object of that action. Examples:

I cut myself on a piece of metal. 我把自己切成了一块金属。

Help yourself to tea and biscuits. [Said to one person]. 帮助自己喝茶和饼干。 [对一个人说]。

Frank hurt himself lifting a heavy object. 弗兰克伤害了自己举重物。

Alice emailed herself a copy of the report. 爱丽丝给自己发了一份报告副本。

The motor shut itself down to avoid overheating. 电机自动关闭以避免过热。

We blame ourselves for the accident. 我们为这次事故负责。

Help yourselves to tea and biscuits. [Said to a group of people]. 帮助自己喝茶和饼干。 [对一群人说]。

The children can look after themselves. 孩子们可以照看自己。

强化代词强调句子的主语。他们不是对象。它们被放置在主题之后或句子的末尾。最后更为常见。这些示例显示了两种形式：

Intensive pronouns emphasize the subject of a sentence. They are not the object. They are placed immediately after the subject, or at the end of the sentence. At the end is more common. These examples show both forms:

I baked this cake myself. I myself baked this cake. 我自己烤了这个蛋糕。

Have you seen it yourself? Have you yourself seen it? 你自己看过吗？

He spoke to me himself. He himself spoke to me. 他自己跟我说话。

She repainted the bathroom herself. She herself repainted the bathroom. 她自己重新粉刷了浴室。

The safety circuit stopped the conveyor itself. The safety circuit itself stopped the conveyor. 安全电路使输送机本身停止。

It's no problem, we can do it ourselves. It's no problem, we ourselves can do it. 这没问题，我们可以自己做。

Have you seen it yourselves? Have you yourselves seen it? 你有没有见过自己？

The children told me they were ok themselves. The children themselves told me they were ok. 孩子们告诉我他们自己也没事。

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 指示代词

其中有四个。它们代表某些事物或事物：

There are four of these. They represent a certain thing or things that are either:

near to you in distance or time: this (singular), these (plural) 在距离或时间靠近你的地方：这（单数），这些（复数）

not near in distance or time: that (singular), those (plural) 距离或时间不近：那（单数），那些（复数）

例子：

Examples:

Have you seen this? 你见过这个吗？

This tastes very good. 这味道非常好。

These are difficult conditions. 这些都是困难的条件。

Do you want some of these? 你想要其中的一些吗？

Look at that! 看那个！

That is wonderful! 太棒了！

That sounds like Jan. 听起来像Jan.

Those were the days! 那些日子！

Can you bring me some of those? 你能带给我一些吗？

指示代词不是形容词，虽然拼写相同！记住，它们代表名词。

Demonstrative Pronouns are not adjectives, although they have the same spelling! Remember, they represent nouns.

形容词“this，these，that，those”需要跟随它们的名词。具有相同拼写的形容词的示例是：

The adjectives "this, these, that, those" need a noun following them. Examples of adjectives with the same spelling are:

Have you seen this article? 你看过这篇文章吗？

This soup tastes very good. 这汤很好吃。

These economic conditions are tough. 这些经济条件艰难。

Do you want some of these biscuits? 你想要一些这些饼干吗？

Look at that sunset! 看那个日落！

That music is wonderful! 那音乐真棒！

Can you bring me some of those cakes? 你能带些蛋糕吗？

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 疑问代词

您在第30课：问题中了解了这些内容。

You read about these in Lesson 30: Questions.

疑问代词代表我们提出问题的事情。这是一个清单：

An Interrogative Pronoun represents the thing about which we are asking a question. Here is a list:

Interrogative Pronouns:

who 谁

whoever 无论何人

whom (not generally used - See Lesson 30) 谁（通常不使用 - 见第30课）

whomever (not generally used) 任何人（不常用）

what 什么

whatever 无论如何

whatsoever (not generally used) 无论何事（不常用）

which 哪

whichever 任何

whose (which is also a Possessive Pronoun!) 谁的（这也是一个占有性代词！）

例子：

Examples:

Who told you? 谁告诉你？

“who”是一个主题疑问代词。它是动词“告诉”的主题。

"who" is a subject Interrogative Pronoun. It is the subject of the verb "to tell".

Who did you phone? 你给谁打电话？

“who”是一个对象的疑问代词。这是动词“打电话”的对象。

"who" is an object Interrogative Pronoun. It is the object of the verb "to phone".

What happened this morning? 今天早上发生了什么？

“what”是一个主题疑问代词。它是动词“发生”的主题。

"what" is a subject Interrogative Pronoun. It is the subject of the verb "to happen".

What do you want to do? 你想让我做什么？

“what”是一个对象的疑问代词。它是动词“想要”的对象。

"what" is an object Interrogative Pronoun. It is the object of the verb "to want".

Which came first, the chicken or the egg? 首先是鸡肉还是鸡蛋？

“which”是一个主题疑问代词。它是动词“即将来临”的主题。

"which" is a subject Interrogative Pronoun. It is the subject of the verb "to come".

These cars all need repairing. Which will be fixed first? 这些车都需要修理。哪个会先修好？

“which”是一个对象的疑问代词。它是动词“修复”的对象。

"which" is an object Interrogative Pronoun. It is the object of the verb "to fix".

"I'm missing some assignments" said the teacher. "Whose isn't ready?" “我错过了一些任务”，老师说。 “谁还没准备好？”

“whose”是一个主题疑问代词。它是动词“to be”的主题。

"whose" is a subject Interrogative Pronoun. It is the subject of the verb "to be".

Your laptop is broken. Whose are you using? 你的笔记本坏了。你用的是谁？

“谁的”是一个对象的疑问代词。它是动词“使用”的对象。

"whose" is an object Interrogative Pronoun. It is the object of the verb "to use".

您可以在这些代词中添加“-ever”，以强调。例子：

You can add "-ever" to these pronouns, for emphasis. Examples:

Whoever would want to hit women? 谁想要打女人？

Whatever happened yesterday? 无论昨天发生了什么？

There was no interest in the plan whatsoever. 对该计划毫无兴趣。

以下是使用疑问代词的第30课的部分内容：

Here are parts of Lesson 30 that use Interrogative Pronouns:

谁/谁：询问某人的身份

WHO/WHOM: asks about someone's identity

什么：请求对象的描述，或其名称或类似的东西

WHAT: asks for a description of an object, or its name, or something similar

哪个：从一组对象中询问一个对象

WHICH: asks about one object out of a collection of objects

谁的：询问某事物的所有权（占有权）

WHOSE: asks about ownership (possession) of something

然而，其他问题词是副词，而不是代词，因为它们在句子中的动词上起作用。例子：

However, other question words from Lesson 30 are adverbs, not pronouns, because they act on a verb in the sentence. Examples:

WHEN: "When does the bus leave?" The adverb "when" modifies the verb "to leave". 什么时候：“巴士什么时候开？” 副词“when”修饰动词“离开”。

WHERE: "Where does this train go?" The adverb "where" modifies the verb "to go". 其中：“这列火车在哪里？” 副词“where”修饰动词“to go”。

WHY: "Why do I have to pay for parking?" The adverb "why" modifies the verb "to pay". 为什么：“为什么我要支付停车费呢？” 副词“why”修饰动词“付钱”。

HOW/HOW MUCH: "How does this machine operate so quickly? "The adverb "how" modifies the verb "to operate". 如何/多少：“这台机器如何运作如此之快？”副词“how”修饰动词“操作”。

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS 互惠代词

当您“回应”某些操作时，您会对执行该操作的人执行相同的操作。该行动被称为“回报”。例如，弗兰克与穆里尔谈话，穆里尔与弗兰克谈话。必须有两个或更多人，他们必须采取相同的行动。

When you "reciprocate" some action, you do the same action back to the person doing it. The action is said to be "reciprocated".

For example, Frank talks to Muriel and Muriel talks to Frank.

There must be two or more people, and they must be doing the same action.

只有两个倒数代词：

There are only two reciprocal pronouns:

Reciprocal Pronouns

each other (the more commonly used pronoun) 彼此（更常用的代词）

one another (less common). 彼此（不太常见）。

Examples: Frank and Muriel love each other. 例子：弗兰克和穆里尔彼此相爱。

These politicians hate each other. 这些政客互相仇视。

The team members were blaming one another. 团队成员互相指责。

The tennis players compete with each other regularly. 网球运动员经常互相竞争。

At Christmas we give each other presents. 在圣诞节，我们互赠礼物。

In the crowd, they couldn't see each other. 在人群中，他们看不到对方。

The children were bumping against each other on the trampoline. 孩子们在蹦床上互相碰撞。

RELATIVE PRONOUNS 关系代词

相对代词为句子添加额外信息。它们是句子中间的一个条款的一部分，称为“相对条款”。

Relative Pronouns add extra information to a sentence. They are part of a clause in the middle of the sentence, called a "relative clause".

它被称为“相对”代词，因为它与其相关子句修饰的单词“相关”。例：

It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies.
Example:

I helped the old lady, who lives next door, with her shopping. 我帮助住在隔壁的老太太和她一起购物。

基本句子是：“我帮她老太太一起购物”。这为您提供了重要信息。

The basic sentence is : "I helped the old lady with her shopping". This gives you the essential information.

在这句话中，代名词“谁”与“老太太”有关。代词引入了相关条款“谁住在隔壁”，修改名词“女士”。

In this sentence, the pronoun "who" relates to "the old lady". The pronoun introduces the relative clause "who lives next door" which modifies the noun "lady".

有五个基本的相对代词：

There are five basic relative pronouns:

Relative Pronouns 关系代词

WHO/WHOM: refer to people 谁/谁：指人

WHOSE: refers to possession 其中：指占有

WHICH: refers to things 其中：指的是事物

THAT: refers to both things and people. 那：指的是事物和人。

这些代词拼写与您在上面学到的疑问代词相同。但是用这种方式，这些代词不是疑问句！毫无疑问！

These pronouns are spelled the same as Interrogative Pronouns that you learned above. But used this way, these pronouns are not Interrogative! There is no question!

这里有一些例子。

Here are some more examples.

The dog, which belonged to my mother, is very old. 那只属于我母亲的狗很老了。

Could the person, whose car is blocking the exit, please move it? 那个人的汽车挡住了出口，请搬家吗？

A girl, who I had never seen before, said hello to me on the train. 一个我以前从未见过的女孩在火车上向我问好。

The car, that crashed into my van, was not registered. 撞到我的面包车的那辆车没有登记。

Those children, whose parents are not working, do poorly at school. 那些父母不工作的孩子在学校表现不佳。

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 不定代词

不定代词不是指任何特定的人，事物或数量。这是“不确定”。由此得名。

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is "not definite". Hence the name.

大多数不定代词是单数或复数。其中一些可以是两者。以下是单数列表：

Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. Some of them can be both. Here is a list of the singular ones:

Indefinite Pronouns - Singular
不定代词 - 奇异代数

ANOTHER = an extra or different person or thing . 另一个=一个额外的或不同的人或事物。

ANYBODY / ANYONE = a person, exactly who doesn't matter. 任何人/任何人=一个人，究竟谁无所谓。

ANYTHING = a thing, exactly what doesn't matter. 什么东西=一件事，究竟什么都无所谓。

EACH = every individual one of two or more people or things. 每个=两个或更多人或事物中的每一个人。

EITHER = one, or the other, of two people or things. 两个人或事物中的一个或另一个。

ENOUGH = as much or as many as you need. 足够=尽可能多或多少你需要。

EVERYBODY / EVERYONE = all people. 每个人/每个人=所有人。

EVERYTHING = all things. 一切=所有的事情。

LESS = a smaller amount. 少=少量。

LITTLE = a small amount. 小=少量。

MUCH = a large amount. 很多=很多。

NEITHER = not one, nor the other, of two people or things. 两个人或事物都不是，不是一个，也不是另一个。

NOBODY / NO-ONE = no single person. 没人/没人=没有一个人。

NOTHING = no single thing. 没有=没有一件事。

ONE = a person, exactly who doesn't matter. 一个人=一个人，究竟谁无所谓。

OTHER = a different person or thing from one already mentioned. 其他=与已经提到过的人不同的人。

SOMEBODY/ SOMEONE = an unspecified or unknown person. 某人/某人=未指明或未知的人。

SOMETHING = an unspecified or unknown thing. 某事=未指明或未知的事物。

YOU = an unidentified person, meaning people in general. 你=一个身份不明的人，一般意义上的人。

例子：

Examples:

I liked that slice of cake. May I have another? 我喜欢那片蛋糕。我可以再来一个吗？

Can I help anyone? 我可以帮助任何人吗？

Is there anything you'd like to know about this operation? 你有什么想知道的这个操作吗？

Each to his own preferences. 每个人都有自己的喜好。

"What cut of stewing steak would you like, blade or skirt?" "Either is fine, thanks." “你想要什么切炖牛排，刀片或裙子？” “要么是好的，谢谢。”

Enough is enough, now sit down and keep quiet. 足够了，现在坐下来保持安静。

Is everybody clear about what they have to do? 大家都明白他们要做什么吗？

They lost everything when the tsunami hit their village. 当海啸袭击他们的村庄时，他们失去了一切。

"You don't want to put too much oil on this bearing" said John. "Less is better!" “你不想在这个轴承上放太多油”，约翰说。 “越少越好！”

Little is known about him outside Monash University. 在蒙纳士大学之外对他的了解很少。

Much has happened in electric car design in the last decade. 在过去十年中，电动汽车设计发生了很多变化。

I would like Frank and Muriel to move to a retirement village, but neither wants to. 我希望弗兰克和穆里尔搬到退休村，但他们都不愿意。

I phoned your office five times, but nobody answered. 我打电话给你的办公室五次，但没有人回答。

It's better to say nothing and let people assume you're stupid, than to open your mouth and prove them right. 最好不要说什么，让人们认为你是愚蠢的，而不是张开嘴并证明他们是正确的。

I had a full set of screwdrivers in my kit this morning, but now one is missing. 今天早上我的套件中有一整套螺丝刀，但是现在有一把螺丝刀丢失了。

He has two close friends. One is lovely, but the other is a ratbag [SL: a dishonest person]. 他有两个亲密的朋友。一个是可爱的，但另一个是鼠标[SL：一个不诚实的人]。

Is there somebody at the door? 门口有人吗？

"There's something wrong with my knee" said Frank. “我的膝盖有问题”弗兰克说。

You should be wary of politicians. 你应该警惕政治家。

以下是复数列表：

Here is a list of the plural ones:

Indefinite Pronouns - Plural
无限代词 - 复数

BOTH = two people or things, seen together. 两个=两个人或事物，一起看。

FEW = a small number of people or things. 少数=少数人或事。

FEWER = a smaller number of people or things. 更少=人数或事物数量较少。

MANY = a large number of people or things. 很多=很多人或事。

OTHERS = other people; not us. 其他人=其他人; 不是我们。

SEVERAL = more than two but not many. 几个=超过两个但不是很多。

THEY = a number of unidentified people, meaning people in general. 他们=一些身份不明的人，一般意义上的人。

例子：

Examples:

Some people prefer swimming to jogging. Both are good for you. 有些人喜欢游泳去慢跑。两者都对你有好处。

Few have walked to the North Pole. 很少有人走到北极。

Following an ad campaign, fewer are smoking. 广告宣传后吸烟人数减少。

We expected a good attendance. Many have arrived already. 我们期待出席率很高。许多人已经到了。

Others have tried unsuccessfully to solve this problem. 其他人试图解决这个问题没有成功。

Staff were prosecuted for bullying. Several left the business. 工作人员因欺凌而被起诉。有几个人离开了公司。

They say that chocolate is good for you. Really? 他们说巧克力对你有好处。真？

这是“单数和复数”列表：

Here is a list of the "singular and plural" ones:

Indefinite Pronouns - Singular
and Plural
不定代词 - 奇异和复数

ALL = the whole number or amount of some things or people. all =某些事物或人的整数或数量。

ANY = no matter how much or how many. 任何=无论多少或多少。

MORE = a greater quantity or amount of people or things. 更多=更多数量或数量的人或事物。

MOST = nearly all the people or things. 大多数=几乎所有的人或事。

NONE = no person or persons, thing or things. 无=没有人或人，事物或事物。

SOME = an unspecified number or amount of things or people. 一些=未指定数量或数量的事物或人。

SUCH = of the type already mentioned. 这种=已经提到的类型。

例子：

Examples:

We were expecting 20 guests. All have arrived. 我们期待20位客人。一切都到了。

That cake was delicious. Is any left? 那蛋糕好吃。还剩下什么？

Yes, there is more over there on the table. 是的，桌子上还有更多。

The workers were offered a small pay rise. Most have refused to take it. 加薪工人的工资很小。大多数人拒绝接受它。

We were trying to buy petrol [US: gasoline, gas]. None was available. 我们试图购买汽油[US：汽油，汽油]。没有可用的。

Did you want Panadol? Here is some. 你想要Panadol吗？这是一些。

If you behave like a ratbag you will be treated as such. 如果你表现得像一个老鼠袋，你会被这样对待。

注意：许多不定代词也被用作形容词，只需在它们后面放一个名词即可。例：

A note: many Indefinite Pronouns are also used as adjectives, simply by putting a noun after them. Example:

I liked that slice of cake. May I have another? 我喜欢那片蛋糕。我可以再来一个吗？

代词“another”代替名词“切片”。

Pronoun "another" stands alone in place of the noun "slice".

May I have another slice of cake? 我可以再吃一块蛋糕吗？

形容词“another”修饰名词“切片”。

Adjective "another" modifies the noun "slice".

另一个例子：

Another example:

We expected a good attendance. Many have arrived already. 我们期待出席率很高。许多人已经到了。
代词“many”单独代替名词“与会者”。

Pronoun "many" stands alone in place of the noun "attendees".

Many attendees have arrived already. 许多与会者已经到了。
形容词“many”修饰名词“与会者”。

Adjective "many" modifies the noun "attendees".

另一个注意事项：你早先学会了“无论是谁”，“无论是哪种”和“无论什么”的疑问代词。这些也被用作英语无限代词。例子：

Another note: you learned the Interrogative Pronouns "whoever", "whichever" and "whatever" earlier. These are also used in English as Indefinite Pronouns. Examples:

Do whatever you please; it doesn't matter. 做你喜欢的事; 没关系。

Whoever decides to challenge that law is very brave. 决定挑战该法律的人都非常勇敢。

Choose whichever Internet Provider you think is best. 选择您认为最好的互联网服务提供商。

另一个注释：如果一个不定代词是其句子的主语，它的动词是单数的。例子：

Another note: if an Indefinite Pronoun is the subject of its sentence, its verb is singular. Examples:

Everybody loves a Royal Wedding. 每个人都喜欢皇家婚礼。
“Everybody”都清楚地指的是很多人，但“爱”是单一的。

"Everybody" clearly refers to many people, but "loves" is singular.

Everything is working perfectly. 一切都很完美。
“Everything”显然指的是很多东西，但“正在工作”是单数。

"Everything" clearly refers to many things, but "is working" is singular.

ARCHAIC (ANCIENT) PRONOUNS
古代代词。古代代词

你会在古代英语文本中遇到这些，例如圣经的翻译。

You come across these in ancient English texts such as translations of the Bible.

thou = you (singular). thou=你（单数）。

thee = you (singular). thee =你（单数）。

thy = your 你的。

thyself = yourself 你自己。

thine = the one or more people or things belonging to thee 属于你的一个或多个人或事物。

ye = you (plural) 你（复数）。

yon / yonder = over there 那边。

例子：

Examples:

Thou shalt not kill (a Biblical Commandment). 你不可杀人（圣经诫命）。

With this ring, I thee wed. (Part of the Marriage Service). 有了这枚戒指，我就结婚了。（婚姻服务的一部分）。

To thine own self be true. (in modern English, "be yourself"). 为了自己的真实。（用现代英语，“做你自己”）。

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第50课：代词

Lesson 50: Pronouns

这是一个很长的教训。 请花点时间了解它。

This is a very long lesson. Please take time to understand it.

代词是取代名词或名词短语的单词，因此您不必重复名词短语。

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or a noun phrase, so that you don't have to repeat the noun phrase.

例如，看看这一段：

For example, look at this paragraph:

The young boy picked up the blue ball. The young boy threw the blue ball over the fence. 那个小男孩拿起了蓝色的球。 那个小男孩把蓝色的球扔到篱笆上。

本段有两个名词短语，“小男孩”和“蓝色小球”。 两者都在第二句中重复。 这是正确的英语，但在惯用的情况下，我们说“这是啰嗦”。 这意味着它有太多的单词，并且说话或写作时间太长。

There are two noun phrases in this paragraph, "the young boy" and "the blue ball". Both are repeated in the second sentence. This is correct English, but idiomatically we say "it's long-winded". That means it has too many words and takes too long to say or write.

写这个英语的更好方法是使用代词。

A better way of writing this English uses pronouns.

您可以使用代词“he”而不是重复名词短语 “小男孩”。

You can use the pronoun "he" instead of repeating the noun phrase "the young boy".

您可以使用代词“it”而不是重复名词短语 “蓝色小球”。

You can use the pronoun "it" instead of repeating the noun phrase "the blue ball".

现在英语看起来像这样：

Now the English looks like this:

The young boy picked up the blue ball. He threw it over the fence. 那个小男孩拿起了蓝色的球。 他把它扔到篱笆上。

这是更短，更好的英语。 说英语的人一直使用代词。 一个流利的英语演讲者甚至不需要考虑使用代词 - 他们只是发生！

This is shorter, better English. English speakers use pronouns all the time. A fluent English speaker doesn't even need to think about using pronouns - they just happen!

这是另一个例子：

Here is another example:

Fred picked up the bucket of sand. Fred put the bucket of sand on the table. 弗雷德拿起一桶沙子。 弗雷德把一桶沙子放在桌子上。

使用代词，这变为：

Using pronouns, this becomes:

Fred picked up the bucket of sand. He put it on the table. 弗雷德拿起一桶沙子。 他把它放在桌子上。

使用代词时必须遵守两条规则：

You must follow two rules when using pronouns:

规则1.代词必须指已经写过或说过的名词或名词短语。

Rule 1. The pronoun must refer to a noun or noun phrase that has already been written or spoken about.

你看到“he”在第一个例子中指的是“小男孩”，而“it”指的是“蓝色小球”。 “he”在第二个例子中是指“弗雷德”，而“it”是指“沙桶”。

You see that "He" refers to "The young boy" in the first example, and "it" refers to "the blue ball". "He" refers to "Fred" in the second example, and "it" refers to "the bucket of sand".

这些代词在英语中被称为“人称代词”。 你在第5课中学到了这些，当时John称他们为“性别词”。 你还记得这些例子吗？

These pronouns are called "Personal Pronouns" in English. You learned them in Lesson 5, when John called them "Gender Words". Do you remember these examples?

The man runs. He runs. 那人跑了。 他经营。

The woman runs. She runs. 那个女人跑了。 她跑了。

The dog sleeps. It sleeps. 狗睡觉了。 它睡了。

规则2.代词必须与它所指的名词“一致”。 如果名词是单数，则代词必须是单数。 如果名词是复数，则代词必须是复数。

Rule 2. The pronoun must "agree" with the noun it refers to. If the noun is singular, the pronoun must be singular. If the noun is plural, the pronoun must be plural.

这是一个以两个人为主题的例子，所以他们的代名词是“他们”，两个球作为对象，所以他们的代名词是“他们”：

Here is an example with two people as subjects, so their pronoun is "they", and two balls as objects, so their pronoun is "them":

Elizabeth picked up a blue ball and Alice picked up a red ball. Elizabeth and Alice threw the blue ball and the red ball over the fence. 伊丽莎白拿起一个蓝色的球，爱丽丝拿起一个红球。 伊丽莎白和爱丽丝把蓝色的球和红球扔到篱笆上。

变为：

Becomes:

Elizabeth picked up a blue ball and Alice picked up a red ball. They threw them over the fence. 伊丽莎白拿起一个蓝色的球，爱丽丝拿起一个红球。 他们把它们扔到篱笆上。

此外，如果名词是男性（例如“弗雷德”），则代词必须是男性（“he”）。 如果名词是女性的，代名词必须是女性（“she”）。 如果名词既不属于这些性别（用英语，我们称之为“中性”），代词必须是“it”。

Also, if a noun is masculine ("Fred" for example) the pronoun must be masculine ("he"). If the noun is feminine the pronoun must be feminine ("she"). And if the noun is neither of these genders (in English we call this, "neuter") the pronoun must be "it".

PERSONAL PRONOUNS 人称代词

这有两种类型：“主题”和“对象”。 正如您在第4课中所学到的，句子的“主语”是做某个动作的人或事。 “对象”是对其执行操作的人或事物。

There are two types of these: "Subject" and "Object". As you learned in Lesson 4, a "Subject" of a sentence is the person or thing doing an action. The "Object" is the person or thing having the action done to them or it.

下面的表格显示了所有人称代词，主语和宾语。

Below is a table showing all Personal Pronouns, Subject and Object.

要理解这个表格，你需要了解更多的语法 - “人”的概念。

To understand the table, you need to know a little more grammar - the idea of "person".

什么是“人”？ 你以前用动词来表达这个想法。 “我，你，他，她，它，我们，他们”这些词构成了“人”。 它们分为三组：

What is "person"? You have come across this idea before, with verbs. The words "I, you, he, she, it, we, they" make up the "person". They are divided into three groups:

第一人=I（单数）和we（复数）

1st Person = I (singular) and we (plural)

第二人=you（单数）和you（复数）。 请记住，从第37课开始，您需要查看上下文，以确定“you”是单数“您”还是复数“you”。

2nd Person = you (singular) and you (plural). Remember from Lesson 37 that you need to look at the context to work out whether the "you" is a singular "you" or a plural "you".

第三人=“he”/“she”/“it”（单数）和“they”（复数）。 只有在这个第三人称的单一案例中，性别才是重要的。

3rd Person = "he"/"she"/"it" (singular) and "they" (plural). It's only in this 3rd person singular case that gender is important.

这是表格：

Here's the table:

这是一个很长的教训。请花点时间了解它。

The young boy picked up the blue ball. The young boy threw the blue ball over the fence. 那个小男孩拿起了蓝色的球。那个小男孩把蓝色的球扔到篱笆上。

本段有两个名词短语，“小男孩”和“蓝色小球”。两者都在第二句中重复。这是正确的英语，但在惯用的情况下，我们说“这是啰嗦”。这意味着它有太多的单词，并且说话或写作时间太长。

The young boy picked up the blue ball. He threw it over the fence. 那个小男孩拿起了蓝色的球。他把它扔到篱笆上。

这是更短，更好的英语。说英语的人一直使用代词。一个流利的英语演讲者甚至不需要考虑使用代词 - 他们只是发生！

Fred picked up the bucket of sand. Fred put the bucket of sand on the table. 弗雷德拿起一桶沙子。弗雷德把一桶沙子放在桌子上。

Fred picked up the bucket of sand. He put it on the table. 弗雷德拿起一桶沙子。他把它放在桌子上。

这些代词在英语中被称为“人称代词”。你在第5课中学到了这些，当时John称他们为“性别词”。你还记得这些例子吗？

The man runs. He runs. 那人跑了。他经营。

The woman runs. She runs. 那个女人跑了。她跑了。

The dog sleeps. It sleeps. 狗睡觉了。它睡了。

规则2.代词必须与它所指的名词“一致”。如果名词是单数，则代词必须是单数。如果名词是复数，则代词必须是复数。

Elizabeth picked up a blue ball and Alice picked up a red ball. Elizabeth and Alice threw the blue ball and the red ball over the fence. 伊丽莎白拿起一个蓝色的球，爱丽丝拿起一个红球。伊丽莎白和爱丽丝把蓝色的球和红球扔到篱笆上。

Elizabeth picked up a blue ball and Alice picked up a red ball. They threw them over the fence. 伊丽莎白拿起一个蓝色的球，爱丽丝拿起一个红球。他们把它们扔到篱笆上。

此外，如果名词是男性（例如“弗雷德”），则代词必须是男性（“he”）。如果名词是女性的，代名词必须是女性（“she”）。如果名词既不属于这些性别（用英语，我们称之为“中性”），代词必须是“it”。

这有两种类型：“主题”和“对象”。正如您在第4课中所学到的，句子的“主语”是做某个动作的人或事。 “对象”是对其执行操作的人或事物。

什么是“人”？你以前用动词来表达这个想法。 “我，你，他，她，它，我们，他们”这些词构成了“人”。它们分为三组：

第二人=you（单数）和you（复数）。请记住，从第37课开始，您需要查看上下文，以确定“you”是单数“您”还是复数“you”。

第三人=“he”/“she”/“it”（单数）和“they”（复数）。只有在这个第三人称的单一案例中，性别才是重要的。